Spring MVC Controllers

Introduction

Spring MVC Controllers are the heart of Spring's web framework. They act as the traffic director in the Model-View-Controller (MVC) pattern, handling HTTP requests, processing them, and determining what response to send back. If you're building a web application with Spring, understanding controllers is essential.

In this tutorial, we'll explore:

• What Spring MVC Controllers are and why they're important
• How to create and configure basic controllers
• Different ways to handle web requests
• Working with request parameters, path variables, and request bodies
• Returning different types of responses
• Best practices and common patterns

What is a Spring MVC Controller?

A controller in Spring MVC is a Java class that handles web requests. It's annotated with @Controller or @RestController and contains methods (called handler methods) that process specific requests based on URL patterns, HTTP methods, and other criteria.

Key Characteristics of Controllers

• They receive and process HTTP requests
• They interact with service layers and models
• They determine what view should render the response (or return data directly)
• They handle exceptions that occur during request processing

Creating Your First Controller

Let's create a simple controller that returns a greeting message:

java

import org.springframework.stereotype.Controller;
import org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.GetMapping;
import org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.ResponseBody;

@Controller
public class HelloController {
    
    @GetMapping("/hello")
    @ResponseBody
    public String hello() {
        return "Hello, Spring MVC!";
    }
}

Breaking down this code:

• @Controller: This annotation marks the class as a web controller, capable of handling requests
• @GetMapping("/hello"): Maps HTTP GET requests to /hello URL to this method
• @ResponseBody: Indicates that the return value should be bound to the web response body
• The method returns a simple string that will be displayed in the browser

When you run your Spring application and navigate to http://localhost:8080/hello, you'll see "Hello, Spring MVC!" displayed in your browser.

@Controller vs @RestController

Spring provides two primary annotations for creating controllers:

@Controller

The traditional annotation for Spring MVC controllers. When used alone, it expects methods to return view names, which Spring resolves to actual view templates (like JSP, Thymeleaf, etc.).

java

@Controller
public class ViewController {
    
    @GetMapping("/greet")
    public String greet(Model model) {
        model.addAttribute("message", "Hello from Spring MVC");
        return "greeting"; // Returns greeting.html template
    }
}

@RestController

This is a specialized version of the controller that combines @Controller and @ResponseBody. Every method in a @RestController automatically returns data directly in the response body, typically as JSON.

java

@RestController
public class ApiController {
    
    @GetMapping("/api/greeting")
    public Greeting getGreeting() {
        return new Greeting("Hello from the REST API!");
    }
}

Request Mapping Methods

Spring provides various annotations to map HTTP requests to controller methods:

Annotation	HTTP Method
@GetMapping	GET
@PostMapping	POST
@PutMapping	PUT
@DeleteMapping	DELETE
@PatchMapping	PATCH

These are specialized shortcuts for the more general @RequestMapping annotation.

Example using @RequestMapping:

java

@Controller
public class RequestMappingController {
    
    @RequestMapping(value = "/example", method = RequestMethod.GET)
    @ResponseBody
    public String exampleGet() {
        return "This handles GET requests to /example";
    }
    
    @RequestMapping(value = "/example", method = RequestMethod.POST)
    @ResponseBody
    public String examplePost() {
        return "This handles POST requests to /example";
    }
}

Handling Request Parameters

Spring MVC makes it easy to access request parameters:

Using @RequestParam

java

@GetMapping("/search")
@ResponseBody
public String search(@RequestParam String query, @RequestParam(defaultValue = "1") int page) {
    return "Searching for: " + query + " on page " + page;
}

If you navigate to /search?query=spring&page=2, the output would be:

Searching for: spring on page 2

For optional parameters, you can use:

java

@GetMapping("/profile")
@ResponseBody
public String getProfile(
    @RequestParam String username,
    @RequestParam(required = false) String section
) {
    if (section != null) {
        return "Profile for: " + username + ", Section: " + section;
    }
    return "Full profile for: " + username;
}

Path Variables

For RESTful URLs, path variables are often preferred:

java

@GetMapping("/users/{id}")
@ResponseBody
public String getUserById(@PathVariable Long id) {
    return "Fetching user with ID: " + id;
}

If you navigate to /users/42, the output would be:

Fetching user with ID: 42

You can have multiple path variables:

java

@GetMapping("/users/{userId}/posts/{postId}")
@ResponseBody
public String getUserPost(
    @PathVariable Long userId,
    @PathVariable Long postId
) {
    return "Fetching post " + postId + " for user " + userId;
}

Handling Form Submissions

Controllers can easily handle HTML form submissions:

java

@Controller
public class FormController {
    
    // Display the form
    @GetMapping("/register")
    public String showForm(Model model) {
        model.addAttribute("user", new User());
        return "registerForm";
    }
    
    // Process the form submission
    @PostMapping("/register")
    public String processRegistration(@ModelAttribute User user, Model model) {
        // Process user registration
        model.addAttribute("message", "Registration successful for " + user.getUsername());
        return "registrationResult";
    }
}

Working with JSON Requests and Responses

For RESTful APIs, you'll often work with JSON:

java

@RestController
public class ProductController {
    
    private final ProductService productService;
    
    public ProductController(ProductService productService) {
        this.productService = productService;
    }
    
    @PostMapping("/products")
    public Product createProduct(@RequestBody Product product) {
        return productService.save(product);
    }
    
    @GetMapping("/products")
    public List<Product> getAllProducts() {
        return productService.findAll();
    }
    
    @GetMapping("/products/{id}")
    public ResponseEntity<Product> getProductById(@PathVariable Long id) {
        Product product = productService.findById(id);
        if (product != null) {
            return ResponseEntity.ok(product);
        } else {
            return ResponseEntity.notFound().build();
        }
    }
}

Real-world Application: Task Management API

Let's create a more complete example of a task management API:

java

@RestController
@RequestMapping("/api/tasks")
public class TaskController {
    
    private final TaskService taskService;
    
    public TaskController(TaskService taskService) {
        this.taskService = taskService;
    }
    
    @GetMapping
    public List<Task> getAllTasks() {
        return taskService.findAll();
    }
    
    @GetMapping("/{id}")
    public ResponseEntity<Task> getTaskById(@PathVariable Long id) {
        return taskService.findById(id)
            .map(ResponseEntity::ok)
            .orElse(ResponseEntity.notFound().build());
    }
    
    @PostMapping
    public ResponseEntity<Task> createTask(@Valid @RequestBody Task task) {
        Task savedTask = taskService.save(task);
        URI location = ServletUriComponentsBuilder
            .fromCurrentRequest()
            .path("/{id}")
            .buildAndExpand(savedTask.getId())
            .toUri();
        return ResponseEntity.created(location).body(savedTask);
    }
    
    @PutMapping("/{id}")
    public ResponseEntity<Task> updateTask(
            @PathVariable Long id, 
            @Valid @RequestBody Task task) {
        if (!taskService.existsById(id)) {
            return ResponseEntity.notFound().build();
        }
        task.setId(id);
        Task updatedTask = taskService.save(task);
        return ResponseEntity.ok(updatedTask);
    }
    
    @DeleteMapping("/{id}")
    public ResponseEntity<Void> deleteTask(@PathVariable Long id) {
        if (!taskService.existsById(id)) {
            return ResponseEntity.notFound().build();
        }
        taskService.deleteById(id);
        return ResponseEntity.noContent().build();
    }
    
    @GetMapping("/status/{status}")
    public List<Task> getTasksByStatus(@PathVariable String status) {
        return taskService.findByStatus(status);
    }
}

Exception Handling in Controllers

Spring provides several ways to handle exceptions in controllers:

Using @ExceptionHandler

java

@RestController
public class ProductController {
    
    // Controller methods...
    
    @ExceptionHandler(ProductNotFoundException.class)
    public ResponseEntity<ErrorResponse> handleProductNotFound(
            ProductNotFoundException ex) {
        ErrorResponse error = new ErrorResponse(
            "PRODUCT_NOT_FOUND", 
            ex.getMessage()
        );
        return new ResponseEntity<>(error, HttpStatus.NOT_FOUND);
    }
}

Using a Global Exception Handler

java

@ControllerAdvice
public class GlobalExceptionHandler {
    
    @ExceptionHandler(ResourceNotFoundException.class)
    public ResponseEntity<ErrorResponse> handleResourceNotFound(
            ResourceNotFoundException ex) {
        ErrorResponse error = new ErrorResponse(
            "RESOURCE_NOT_FOUND", 
            ex.getMessage()
        );
        return new ResponseEntity<>(error, HttpStatus.NOT_FOUND);
    }
    
    @ExceptionHandler(ValidationException.class)
    public ResponseEntity<ErrorResponse> handleValidation(
            ValidationException ex) {
        ErrorResponse error = new ErrorResponse(
            "VALIDATION_ERROR", 
            ex.getMessage()
        );
        return new ResponseEntity<>(error, HttpStatus.BAD_REQUEST);
    }
}

Best Practices for Spring MVC Controllers

1. Keep controllers focused - Controllers should handle HTTP requests and delegate business logic to service classes.

2. Use proper HTTP status codes - Return appropriate status codes (200 for success, 404 for not found, etc.).

3. Validate input - Use validation annotations like @Valid to validate request data.

4. Handle exceptions gracefully - Implement exception handling to provide meaningful error messages.

5. Use consistent URL patterns - Follow RESTful conventions for your endpoints.

6. Document your API - Use Swagger/OpenAPI to document your controller endpoints.

7. Test your controllers - Write unit and integration tests for your controllers.

Summary

Spring MVC Controllers are the entry point for all web requests in a Spring application. They provide a powerful and flexible way to handle HTTP requests, process data, and return responses. We've covered:

• Creating basic controllers with @Controller and @RestController
• Handling different HTTP methods with mapping annotations
• Working with request parameters and path variables
• Processing form submissions
• Working with JSON for RESTful APIs
• Implementing a complete task management API
• Handling exceptions properly
• Following best practices

With this knowledge, you should be able to build robust and well-structured web applications using Spring MVC.

Additional Resources and Exercises

Resources

• Spring MVC Documentation
• Spring Web MVC Framework Tutorial
• Building a RESTful Web Service

Exercises

1. Basic Controller: Create a simple controller that displays a welcome message and the current date/time.

2. Parameter Handling: Create a calculator controller that can perform basic operations (add, subtract, multiply, divide) based on request parameters.

3. RESTful API: Implement a book management API with endpoints to create, read, update, and delete books.

4. Exception Handling: Extend your book API to include proper exception handling for scenarios like book not found or invalid input.

5. Form Handling: Create a contact form controller that validates and processes form submissions, then displays a thank you page.

Happy coding with Spring MVC Controllers!